The Impact of AI and Automation on Hydrographic Surveying

Artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are becoming increasingly integrated into offshore operations, and hydrographic surveying is no exception. From AI-assisted data processing and autonomous survey vessels to machine learning algorithms capable of classifying seabed features, these technological advances are transforming how survey data is collected, analysed and delivered. 

For hydrographic professionals, this shift raises an important question: will automation replace hydrographic surveyors, or will it create new opportunities for those who adapt? The evidence to date suggests the latter. Rather than replacing surveyors, AI is proving to be a complementary tool – one that changes how professionals work without diminishing the value of their expertise. 

Faster and More Efficient Data Processing 

As the demand for data has grown, the challenge is no longer just in data collection but in managing the massive volumes that are generated. 

Imagine taking nine hours of processing time and shrinking it to exactly four minutes and 51 seconds, without losing an ounce of accuracy or missing IHO compliance requirements. This is exactly what researchers using AI based neural networks to process combined LiDAR and multibeam echo sounder data from a coastal survey zone did. 

Alongside this AI is increasingly supporting: 

Automated data cleaning and error detection. Datasets often contain noise from vessel motion, tides, or equipment misalignment. AI-driven algorithms can now detect and remove spurious soundings in near real time, a task that once required extensive manual review.  

Seabed classification. Machine learning models are achieving high accuracy classifying seabed types directly from multibeam backscatter data.  

Predictive modelling. By analysing time-series bathymetric data alongside environmental parameters, algorithms can forecast sediment movement, coastal erosion, and seabed change – anticipating change rather than simply documenting it. 

The Rise of Autonomous Surveying 

Hydrographers have long contended with difficult survey environments – shallow water around port infrastructure, strong tidal streams, or ecologically sensitive habitats where traditional vessels risk disruption. Uncrewed Surface Vessels (USVs) equipped with AI and multibeam sonar are increasingly stepping in to address these exact challenges, reducing risk to crews while improving operational outcomes. Separately, AI-assisted decision-support systems are also being used on crewed survey vessels. One study found that such a system could reduce manual steering actions by 45.5%, while increasing the number of effective measuring points.

For offshore professionals, this points not to fewer opportunities but to an evolution of roles towards remote survey operations, autonomous mission planning, and data validation and quality assurance.

Spotting seabed features faster 

There was once a time when spotting a shipwreck or classifying a seabed habitat meant hours spent poring over a sidescan sonar mosaic, eyes fixed on the screen for anything out of place. That exhausting visual search is now increasingly handled by AI. Algorithms can scan vast volumes of sidescan sonar data in a fraction of the time, isolating wrecks and hazards and flagging objects or features that stand out from the surrounding seabed. Yet seabed conditions vary enormously, and algorithms can still be thrown off by unfamiliar terrain. A hydrographer able to look at an automated output and immediately recognise why it doesn’t look right remains the most critical link in the chain. 

AI will support, not replace, experience 

AI will not replace hydrographic surveyors, as humans and machines are complementary. Advances such as faster data processing, autonomous vessel control, and automated seabed feature detection will not replace human expertise but rather enhance it. Surveyors will be able to focus on insight and strategy while machines handle the repetitive tasks. New roles are already emerging around algorithm development, digital processing maintenance, control of uncrewed vessels, and software maintenance – meaning the skills in demand are shifting rather than disappearing. I suppose the real question now is not whether AI will replace hydrographic surveyors but how quickly such professionals will adapt to this smarter and more data driven future.